S01 Pass 3 — Trace: where modelling operators are gated, and what they really call

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Date: 2026-10-07 · Blender: 5.2.2 (v5.2.2, source at ~/agent-native-lab-data/sources/blender/projects.blender.org/blender/blender)
Input: ~/newblender-data/registry/s01_modelling_ops.json (320 modelling operators: runtime registry dump + static scan + headless poll result + a heuristic gate label)
Output data: ~/newblender-data/registry/s01_trace.json (all 320 operators: corrected gate, poll function, exec/modal facts, undo flag, twin status)
Paths: all file:line references are relative to source/blender/ unless they start with scripts/ or tests/.

How this was checked

Gates for all 320 are read, not guessed. I re-scanned the source for every operator’s wmOperatorType definition, including the 20 TRANSFORM_OT_* operators and 18 macros that the first scan missed. I then read the body of each of the 70 distinct poll functions (and the helpers they call), plus the poll() of the 16 Python operators.
The ~70 key operators were traced by hand. For each one I read the poll → exec / invoke / modal → the core call. The table only shows “exec w/o window = yes (verified)” when the code shows that the region is null-checked or not used.
The other ~250 operators: “exec without a window” is inferred from two facts: the poll needs no area/region, and an exec callback exists. These rows are labelled inferred in the JSON (gate ≠ gui-*), not verified one by one.
The poll results agree with the reading. No operator I gated as gui-* passed the headless poll. The 15 non-GUI operators that failed it all need data that the factory cube lacks (attributes, face sets, modifiers, shape keys, dyntopo).

0. Summary numbers (all 320 operators)

Measure	Value
Corrected gate (strongest blocker)	mode 178 · data 69 · gui-event 27 · gui-region 23 · window 16 · none 5 · selection 2
Pass the poll in `blender -b` once the right mode/data is set	270 / 320 (84%) (none + data + mode + selection + window)
Need a real GUI	50 (16%): 23 need an area/region, 27 need an event stream (no `exec`, or blocked under `G.background`)
Heuristic labels that were wrong or vague	160 / 320 (50%), mostly `other` → mode/data/window; see §1.2
Modal operators	66: 48 with a C `modal` callback + 18 macros. The registry said 28; the scan had missed all of `transform.*` and every macro.
Modal and have `exec`	51 of 66, so the modal part is optional for most of them
No `exec` at all (invoke/modal only)	26. The registry said 19: it missed 7 macros and Python ops, and it mis-flagged 2 light-linking ops and `mode_set_with_submode`, which do have exec.
`UNDO` flag	299 / 320. The 21 without it: `object.mode_set` (flag `0` on purpose), `mesh.duplicate` (no flags at all; its macro carries undo), 14 sculpt ops that push their own sculpt undo (`editors/sculpt_paint/mesh/sculpt.cc:5516`), plus a few transform-copy / UI ops
Declarative twin (modifier or GN node)	exact 55 · approx 70 · none 59 · n/a (selection/state/stack management) 136
Of the 184 operators that change geometry	30% exact, 38% approx, 32% no twin

1. Corrected gate classification

1.1 Gate definitions (as used in `s01_trace.json`)

Gate	Meaning	Poll functions (examples, read)
none	No condition	`material_slot_select` / `deselect` (no poll), `object.select_camera`, `object.subdivision_set`, `mesh.primitive_torus_add`
data	Data exists and is editable; no mode required	`ED_operator_scene_editable` `screen/screen_ops.cc:218`, `ED_operator_object_active_editable` `:590`, `object_join_poll` `editors/object/object_add.cc:5436`, `edit_modifier_poll_generic` `editors/object/object_modifier.cc:1527`, `object_remesh_poll` `editors/object/object_remesh.cc:78`, `object_mode_set_poll` `editors/object/object_edit.cc:2041`
mode	An object interaction mode is required, sometimes plus data	`ED_operator_editmesh` `screen/screen_ops.cc:663` (edit object + `BMEditMesh`), `sculpt_mode_poll` `editors/sculpt_paint/mesh/sculpt.cc:3883`, `ED_operator_objectmode` `screen_ops.cc:242`, `objects_selectable_poll` `editors/object/object_select.cc:360`, `shade_poll` `editors/object/object_edit.cc:1737` (not edit/sculpt), `modifier_apply_poll` `object_modifier.cc:1960` (not edit mode)
selection	A mesh select-mode is required	`edbm_vert_or_edge_select_mode_poll` `editors/mesh/editmesh_select.cc:78`, `edbm_select_ungrouped_poll` `:6018`
window (new label)	Only `CTX_wm_window` + `CTX_wm_screen`. This is met in `-b`, because `startup.blend` brings a window; every one of these passed the headless poll.	`ED_operator_active_screen_and_scene` `screen_ops.cc:147`, `ED_operator_screenactive` `:136` (all of `transform.translate/rotate/resize/mirror/tosphere/push_pull/trackball`)
gui-region	Needs an area/region/space (View3D, Image editor, Properties)	`ED_operator_editmesh_region_view3d` `screen_ops.cc:677`, `EDBM_view3d_poll` `editors/mesh/editmesh_utils.cc:1857`, `sculpt_mode_poll_view3d` `sculpt.cc:3889`, `paint_brush_tool_poll` `editors/sculpt_paint/paint_stroke.cc:1719` (looks up the tool via `brush_tool_get(area, region)` `:1705`), `ED_operator_uvedit_space_image` `screen_ops.cc:785`
gui-event	No `exec` callback; or the poll explicitly refuses `G.background`	knife, polybuild, rip, `transform.bend`, `sculpt.expand`, `cloth_filter`, `object.select_grouped` (`object_select.cc:1088`: “uses popup menus which won’t work in background mode”)

Rule: gate = the strongest blocker (gui-event > gui-region > window > selection > mode > data > none). A macro takes the strongest gate among its sub-operators. Macro polls are nullptr (windowmanager/intern/wm_operator_type.cc:516), and wm_macro_exec checks each step.

1.2 Heuristic → corrected (count)

Heuristic → Corrected	n	What the reading found
mode → mode	136	Correct
other → mode	35	`objects_selectable_poll`, `shade_poll`, `modifier_apply_poll`, `object_convert_poll` and others all encode a mode
other → data	35	Modifier/shaderfx/customdata/UV polls
other → window	15	All the `transform.*` operators. The scan saw no poll because they use `ot->idname = OP_TRANSLATION` constants (`editors/transform/transform_ops.cc:59`)
gui → gui-region	18	Correct, now more precise
gui → gui-event	14	Invoke-only (polybuild, rip, knife, …)
other/python → gui-event	11	Macros wrapping invoke-only steps (`rip_move`, `polybuild_*_move`), `object.add_modifier_menu`
mode → gui-region	1	`sculpt.brush_stroke`. The poll name says “mode”, but `paint_brush_tool_poll` needs area + region
mode → gui-event	2	`sculpt.cloth_filter`, `sculpt.expand` (no exec)
gui → data	2	`light_linking_*_select`: the exec is a template (`light_linking_select_exec<…>`), and the poll is `ED_operator_object_active`
none → data	1	`mode_set_with_submode` copies `OBJECT_OT_mode_set` (`object_edit.cc:2178`), so it inherits its poll
gui → window	1	`transform.transform`

1.3 Gate × twin (all 320)

Gate	exact	approx	none	n/a	total
none	1	1	0	3	5
data	10	3	3	53	69
mode	38	42	38	60	178
selection	0	0	0	2	2
window	5	11	0	0	16
gui-region	1	10	4	8	23
gui-event	0	3	14	10	27

Of the 27 gui-event operators, 14 have no twin at all. These are the “pure human hand” tools: knife, polybuild ×9 (incl. macros), rip ×4, dupli_extrude_cursor.

2. Corrected table — the ~70 key modelling operators

Legend for flags: R=REGISTER U=UNDO B=BLOCKING G=GRAB_CURSOR D=DEPENDS_ON_CURSOR I=INTERNAL M=MACRO. In the context column, view3d? means the operator reads CTX_wm_view3d but accepts null. Nearly every edit-mesh exec passes it to BKE_view_layer_array_from_objects_in_edit_mode_unique_data purely as a local-view filter for multi-object edit. Context reads are the direct CTX_* calls in poll + exec (+ one helper level), extracted automatically and spot-checked.

idname	gate	context read	exec w/o window?	modal (flags)	core call file:line	declarative twin
`object.mode_set`	data	active_object; exec: main, wm_manager, wm_window	yes, verified (the registry dump itself calls it under `-b`)	no (flag `0`, no R/U, `object_edit.cc:2165`)	`object_edit.cc:2048` → `mode_set_ex` `editors/object/object_modes.cc:186` → calls `OBJECT_OT_editmode_toggle` by name (`:220`) → `editmode_enter_ex` `object_edit.cc:870` → `EDBM_mesh_make` `editors/mesh/editmesh_utils.cc:294` → `BKE_mesh_to_bmesh` `blenkernel/intern/mesh.cc:1576`; exit: `editmode_load_free_ex` `object_edit.cc:635` → `BM_mesh_bm_to_me` `bmesh/intern/bmesh_mesh_convert.cc:1669`	n/a
`object.mode_set_with_submode`	data	as above	yes	no (—)	`object_edit.cc:2176` (copy of mode_set)	n/a
`mesh.select_all`	mode	edit_object; main, scene, view_layer, view3d?	yes (inferred)	no (RU)	`editmesh_select.cc:2599` → `EDBM_flag_enable_all` `editmesh_utils.cc:484` / `EDBM_select_swap` `editmesh_select.cc:3478`	n/a (node tools: Set Selection)
`mesh.select_mode`	mode	edit_object; invoke: tool_settings, space_image	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_select.cc:1543` → `EDBM_selectmode_toggle_multi` `:3167`	n/a
`mesh.select_linked`	mode	edit_object; main, scene, view_layer, view3d?	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_select.cc:4036` → BMesh walker `BMW_init`	n/a
`mesh.select_more`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_select.cc:4954` → `EDBM_select_more` `editmesh_utils.cc:425`	n/a
`mesh.loop_select`	gui-region	edit_object, region_view3d (poll)	exec is index-driven (`edge_index` etc. props) → plausible with `temp_override(region=…)` (inferred)	no (DRU)	exec `editmesh_select.cc:2484` → `edbm_select_loop_or_ring_exec_impl` `:2250` (edge-loop walker); invoke projects the mouse `:2440-2475`	n/a
`mesh.select_non_manifold`	selection	edit_object, view3d?	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_select.cc:5794` (`BM_edge_is_manifold`/`BM_vert_is_manifold` sweep)	n/a
`mesh.select_similar`	mode	edit_object, tool_settings	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_select_similar.cc:1254`	n/a
`mesh.extrude_region`	mode	edit_object; main, scene, view_layer, view3d?	yes (inferred)	no (RU)	`editmesh_extrude.cc:430` → `edbm_extrude_mesh` `:358` → `edbm_extrude_ex` `:212` → bmop `"extrude_face_region"` `:231` → `bmo_extrude_face_region_exec` `bmesh/operators/bmo_extrude.cc:319`	exact: GN Extrude Mesh
`mesh.extrude_region_move`	window	union of sub-ops	yes (`wm_macro_exec` runs each sub-op’s exec; inferred)	macro (MRU)	`editors/mesh/mesh_ops.cc:263` = `MESH_OT_extrude_region` + `TRANSFORM_OT_translate`	exact: Extrude Mesh (Offset)
`mesh.extrude_faces_indiv`	mode	as extrude_region	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_extrude.cc:641` → `"extrude_discrete_faces"` `:113` → `bmo_extrude.cc:42`	exact: Extrude Mesh (individual)
`mesh.extrude_repeat`	mode	+ region_view3d? (null-checked; only gives the view-axis default offset)	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_extrude.cc:265` → `edbm_extrude_ex` + bmop `"translate"` `:308` → `bmo_utils.cc:85`	approx: Extrude Mesh in a Repeat zone
`mesh.bevel`	mode	edit_object; exec: main, scene, view_layer, tool_settings, view3d?, area?, region (modal only); invoke: region_view3d	yes, verified: region is touched only when `is_modal` (`editmesh_bevel.cc:316-318`); area null-checked (`:440`)	yes (BGRU)	exec `editmesh_bevel.cc:489` → `edbm_bevel_calc` `:328` → `EDBM_op_init(…"bevel geom=%hev offset=%f …")` `:363` → `BMO_op_exec` `:391` → `bmo_bevel_exec` `bmesh/operators/bmo_bevel.cc:21` → `BM_mesh_bevel` (call `:65`, def `bmesh/tools/bmesh_bevel.cc:8239`)	exact ×2: Bevel modifier (same `BM_mesh_bevel`, `modifiers/intern/MOD_bevel.cc:238`) + GN Mesh Bevel (`geometry::mesh_bevel`, `geometry/intern/mesh_bevel.cc:7685`, a separate Mesh-native implementation)
`mesh.inset`	mode	same pattern as bevel	yes (same `is_modal` pattern; inferred by symmetry)	yes (BGRU)	`editmesh_inset.cc:327` → `edbm_inset_calc` `:237` → `"inset_region"` `:283` / `"inset_individual"` `:269` → `bmo_inset.cc:669` / `:419`	approx: Extrude Mesh (offset 0) + Scale Elements
`mesh.loopcut`	mode	edit_object; exec: region_view3d?, view3d?	yes, verified: `loopcut_init` comment says it runs “entirely in the background with `blender -b`” (`editmesh_loopcut.cc:371-373`); needs `object_index` + `edge_index`	yes (BRU)	exec `editmesh_loopcut.cc:522` → `loopcut_init` `:369` → `ringsel_finish` `:158` → `BM_mesh_esubdivide` (call `:188`, def `bmesh/operators/bmo_subdivide.cc:1324`)	none
`mesh.loopcut_slide`	mode	—	yes (inferred)	macro (MRU)	`mesh_ops.cc:221` = loopcut + `TRANSFORM_OT_edge_slide`	none
`mesh.knife_tool`	gui-event	poll: View3D area; invoke: wm_window	no: invoke + modal only	yes (BRU)	invoke `editmesh_knife.cc:4579`, modal `:4220` → `knife_make_cuts` `:2205` → `BM_face_split_edgenet` (call `:2163`)	none
`mesh.knife_project`	gui-region	region_view3d, scene, selected_objects	no: projects cutters through the view (`em_setup_viewcontext`)	no (BRU)	`editmesh_knife_project.cc:103` → `EDBM_mesh_knife` `editmesh_knife.cc:4751`	none
`mesh.subdivide`	mode	edit_object; main, scene, view_layer, view3d?	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:90` → `BM_mesh_esubdivide` (call `:117`) → `bmo_subdivide_edges_exec` `bmo_subdivide.cc:910`	exact: GN Subdivide Mesh / Subdivision Surface
`mesh.unsubdivide`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:361` → `"unsubdivide"` `:377` → `bmo_unsubdivide.cc:21`	exact: Decimate (Un-Subdivide)
`mesh.merge`	mode	same	yes	no (RU); invoke = enum menu `wm_operators.cc:1140`	`editmesh_tools.cc:3491` → `"pointmerge"` `:3484` / `"collapse"` `:3525` → `bmo_removedoubles.cc:463` / `:501`	approx: Merge by Distance
`mesh.remove_doubles`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:3653` → `"find_doubles"` `:3701` + `"weld_verts"` `:3707` → `bmo_removedoubles.cc:923` / `:188`	exact: Weld modifier / GN Merge by Distance (`geometry::mesh_merge_by_distance_all`)
`mesh.dissolve_verts`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:6106` → `"dissolve_verts"` `:6128` → `bmo_dissolve.cc:695`	none
`mesh.dissolve_edges`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:6172` → `"dissolve_edges"` `:6201` → `bmo_dissolve.cc:455`	none
`mesh.dissolve_faces`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:6261` → `"dissolve_faces"` `:6282` → `bmo_dissolve.cc:225`	none
`mesh.dissolve_limited`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:6405` → `"dissolve_limit"` `:6463` → `bmo_dissolve.cc:803`	exact: Decimate Planar (`MOD_decimate.cc:192`)
`mesh.delete`	mode	same	yes	no (RU); invoke = menu	`:446` → `"delete"` `:466-503` → `bmo_dupe.cc:527`	exact: GN Delete Geometry
`mesh.bridge_edge_loops`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:7613` → `"bridge_loops"` `:7527` → `bmo_bridge.cc:577`	none
`mesh.fill`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:4678` → `"triangle_fill"` `:4701` → `bmo_triangulate.cc:52`	none
`mesh.fill_grid`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:5136` → `"grid_fill"` `:5206` → `bmo_fill_grid.cc:592`	none
`mesh.fill_holes`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:5278` → `"holes_fill"` `:5296` → `bmo_fill_holes.cc:18`	none
`mesh.edge_face_add` (F)	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`:922` → `"contextual_create"` `:954` → `bmo_create.cc:24`	none
`mesh.spin`	mode	same; invoke reads view for the default axis	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_extrude_spin.cc:40` → `"spin"` `:74` → `bmo_dupe.cc:547`	approx: Screw modifier
`mesh.screw`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_extrude_screw.cc:38` → `"spin"` `:125` → `bmo_dupe.cc:547`	exact: Screw modifier
`mesh.separate`	data (exec handles edit and object mode)	main, scene, view_layer, view3d?	yes	no (U only)	`editmesh_tools.cc:4526` → `mesh_separate_selected` `:4334` → `BM_mesh_bm_to_me` into a new object (`:4259`)	approx: GN Separate Geometry (same object)
`object.join`	data	active_object, main	yes	no (RU)	`object_add.cc:5460` → `mesh::join_objects_exec` `editors/mesh/mesh_join.cc:537`	exact: GN Join Geometry
`mesh.symmetrize`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:8033` → `"symmetrize"` `:8053` → `bmo_symmetrize.cc:20`	approx: Mirror modifier
`mesh.normals_make_consistent`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:2666` → `"recalc_face_normals"` `:2689` → `bmo_normals.cc:258`	none
`mesh.flip_normals`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:2342` → `"reverse_faces"` `:2306` → `bmo_utils.cc:156`	exact: GN Flip Faces
`mesh.mark_seam`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:1038` sets the `BM_ELEM_SEAM` header flag inline; on save it becomes the `uv_seam` attribute (`bmesh_mesh_convert.cc:1794`)	exact: Store Named Attribute `uv_seam`
`mesh.mark_sharp`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:1117` toggles `BM_ELEM_SMOOTH`, which becomes `sharp_edge` on save	approx/exact: Set Shade Smooth (edge) / Store `sharp_edge`
`mesh.faces_shade_smooth`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:3028` → `mesh_set_smooth_faces` `:3012`	exact: GN Set Shade Smooth
`object.shade_smooth`	mode (`shade_poll`: not edit/sculpt)	main, scene, view_layer, selected_editable_objects	yes	no (RU)	`object_edit.cc:1651` → `bke::mesh_smooth_set` `blenkernel/intern/mesh.cc:1881`	exact: Set Shade Smooth
`object.shade_smooth_by_angle`	mode	same	yes	no (RU)	same exec → `bke::mesh_sharp_edges_set_from_angle` `mesh.cc:1893`	exact: “Smooth by Angle” node group
`object.shade_auto_smooth`	mode	same	yes; under `G.background` it blocks to load the asset library (`object_edit.cc:1864-1867`)	no (RU)	`object_edit.cc:1847` → adds a Nodes modifier with the essentials asset `"…/Smooth by Angle"` (`:1862`)	is itself a twin factory
`object.modifier_add`	data	main, scene; invoke: view3d	yes	no (RU)	`object_modifier.cc:1403` → `ed::object::modifier_add` `:159` → `BKE_modifier_new` `:186`	the declarative layer itself
`object.modifier_apply`	mode (not edit mode)	ensure_evaluated_depsgraph, main, scene	yes	no (IRU)	`:2074` → `modifier_apply_exec_ex` `:1991` → `modifier_apply` `:1257` → `modifier_apply_obdata` `:1049` → `create_applied_mesh_for_modifier` `:770` → `BKE_mesh_nomain_to_mesh` (`:1102`)	bakes a twin into data
`object.modifier_move_to_index`	data	(modifier name property)	yes	no (IRU)	`:1896` → `modifier_move_to_index` `:493`	n/a (stack order)
`object.origin_set`	data	active_object, edit_object, ensure_evaluated_depsgraph, main, scene	yes	no (RU)	`object_transform.cc:1297` → `bke::mesh_translate` `mesh.cc:2045`	approx: Transform Geometry
`object.voxel_remesh`	data (not edit, no dyntopo)	active_object, scene	yes	no (RU)	`object_remesh.cc:110` → `BKE_mesh_remesh_voxel` (call `:131`, def `blenkernel/intern/mesh_remesh_voxel.cc:246`, OpenVDB)	exact: Remesh modifier Voxel (`MOD_remesh.cc:139`, same core) + GN Mesh to Volume/Volume to Mesh
`object.quadriflow_remesh`	data	+ wm_manager, wm_window (job)	yes, verified: exec without `OP_IS_INVOKE` runs a blocking job (`object_remesh.cc:999-1007`)	no (RU)	`:958` → `BKE_mesh_remesh_quadriflow` `mesh_remesh_voxel.cc:130` (call `object_remesh.cc:875`)	none
`sculpt.brush_stroke`	gui-region	poll: area + region (tool lookup); invoke: depsgraph, tool_settings, view3d	partial: `exec` exists (`sculpt.cc:6148`) and replays a `"stroke"` RNA collection, but the replay loop is keyed on each point’s screen-space `"mouse_event"` (`paint_stroke.cc:1652`) and needs a `ViewContext` (`:863`); the stored 3D `"location"` is used unless `override_location` asks for a re-raycast (`:1646`, `:1673`)	yes (B only, no R/U: sculpt undo `sculpt.cc:5516`)	`SculptPaintStroke::exec` → per-brush PBVH node kernels	none
`sculpt.mask_filter`	mode	active_object, depsgraph, view3d? (`BKE_base_is_visible` null-safe, `blenkernel/intern/layer.cc:1681`)	yes (inferred)	no (RU)	`sculpt_filter_mask.cc:738` (PBVH node loops)	approx: node-tool fields
`sculpt.face_sets_create`	mode	same	yes (inferred)	no (RU)	`sculpt_face_set.cc:415`	approx: node tool Set Face Set
`sculpt.mesh_filter`	mode	same + tool_settings; modal: wm_window	yes (exec `:2582`)	yes (BDGRU)	`sculpt_filter_mesh.cc:2582`	approx: Smooth/Displace/Cast modifiers
`sculpt.trim_box_gesture`	gui-region	region_view3d; `ViewContext` `sculpt_gesture.cc:64`	partial: exec exists (`sculpt_trim.cc:771`) but takes a pixel rectangle	yes (R only; WM box gesture `windowmanager/intern/wm_gesture_ops.cc:194`)	`gesture::init_from_box` `sculpt_gesture.cc:155` → trim boolean (`geometry::boolean` solvers, `sculpt_trim.cc:110`)	approx: Boolean
`mesh.primitive_cube_add`	data	main, scene	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_add.cc:290` → `"create_cube"` `:316` → `bmo_primitive.cc:1617`	exact: GN Cube
`mesh.decimate`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_tools.cc:5845` → `BM_mesh_decimate_collapse` `bmesh/tools/bmesh_decimate_collapse.cc:1293`	exact: Decimate modifier (same core, `MOD_decimate.cc:177`)
`mesh.solidify`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:4116` → `"solidify"` `:4135` → `bmo_extrude.cc:836`	exact in result: Solidify modifier (different implementation: `MOD_solidify_extrude/nonmanifold`)
`mesh.quads_convert_to_tris`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:5525` → `"triangulate"` `:5551` → `bmo_triangulate.cc:29`	exact: Triangulate modifier (`BM_mesh_triangulate`) / GN Triangulate (`geometry::mesh_triangulate`)
`mesh.vertices_smooth`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:2734` → `"smooth_vert"` `:2803` → `bmo_utils.cc:437`	exact in intent: Smooth modifier (different implementation)
`mesh.bisect`	mode	+ rv3d via `ED_view3d_context_rv3d`: “both can be nullptr, fallbacks values are used” (`editmesh_bisect.cc:236`); default `plane_co` = 3D cursor	yes, verified	yes (RU)	`:232` → `"bisect_plane"` `:334` → `bmo_bisect_plane.cc:28` → `BM_mesh_bisect_plane` `bmesh/tools/bmesh_bisect_plane.cc:381`	approx
`mesh.duplicate`	mode	edit set	yes	no (no flags)	`:2075` → `"duplicate"` `:2097` → `bmo_dupe.cc:370`	exact: Duplicate Elements
`mesh.intersect_boolean`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`editmesh_intersect.cc:342` → `BM_mesh_boolean` `bmesh/tools/bmesh_boolean.cc:425`	exact: Boolean modifier / GN Mesh Boolean
`mesh.edge_split`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:2009` → `"split_edges"` `:1967` → `bmo_split_edges.cc:18`	exact: Edge Split modifier / GN Split Edges
`mesh.wireframe`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:7695` → `"wireframe"` `:7723` → `bmo_wireframe.cc:21` → `BM_mesh_wireframe` `bmesh/tools/bmesh_wireframe.cc:146`	exact: Wireframe modifier (same core, `MOD_wireframe.cc:72`)
`mesh.poke`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:5451` `"poke"` → `bmo_poke.cc:32`	none
`mesh.convex_hull`	mode	edit set	yes	no (RU)	`:7917` `"convex_hull"` → `bmo_hull.cc:531`	exact: GN Convex Hull
`object.convert`	mode (object mode, via view-layer active object)	ensure_evaluated_depsgraph, selected_editable_bases	yes	no (RU)	`object_add.cc:4600`	n/a (bakes the stack)
`transform.translate`	window	poll: wm_window, wm_screen; exec: area/region nullable	yes, verified: `area == nullptr` → `SPACE_EMPTY` (`editors/transform/transform_generics.cc:240`); Blender’s own tests call it in `-b` (`tests/python/bl_animation_keyframing.py:470`)	yes (BRU)	`transform_ops.cc:515` → `transformApply` `editors/transform/transform.cc:2249`	approx: Set Position / Transform Geometry
`transform.rotate` / `resize` / `mirror`	window	same	yes (same code path)	yes (BRU)	`transform_ops.cc:972` / `:882` / `:1177`; all `transform_exec` `:515`	approx
GN node tool (registered per asset, not in the 320)	data (active object + asset trait flags, `editors/geometry/node_group_operator.cc:1106`)	active_object, main, scene, ensure_evaluated_depsgraph; rv3d optional; mouse/region/cursor are RNA props (`:970-973`)	yes	no (RU + `OPTYPE_NODE_TOOL`)	exec `:893` → `nodes::execute_geometry_nodes_on_geometry` (call `:992`, def `nodes/intern/geometry_nodes_execute.cc:553`); in edit mode: `EDBM_mesh_load_ex` `:547` → GN → `EDBM_mesh_make_from_mesh` `:667`	is declarative

3. Declarative twin table (geometry-changing operators)

“Same core” means the operator and the twin call the same function.

Edit-mode operator(s)	Twin	Fidelity	Same core?
bevel	Bevel modifier; GN Mesh Bevel (new)	exact	modifier: yes (`BM_mesh_bevel`); GN: no, Mesh-native `geometry::mesh_bevel`
extrude_region/context/faces/edges/verts (+ _move macros)	GN Extrude Mesh	exact	no (the extrude algorithm lives in `nodes/geometry/nodes/node_geo_extrude_mesh.cc`)
subdivide	GN Subdivide Mesh / Subdivision Surface	exact	no (`bke::subdiv`)
unsubdivide, decimate, dissolve_limited	Decimate modifier (Un-Subdivide / Collapse / Planar)	exact	yes (`BM_mesh_decimate_*`)
remove_doubles	Weld modifier; GN Merge by Distance	exact	no (`geometry::mesh_merge_by_distance_*`)
quads_convert_to_tris	Triangulate modifier; GN Triangulate	exact	modifier yes (`BM_mesh_triangulate`); GN no
intersect_boolean	Boolean modifier; GN Mesh Boolean	exact	partly (Exact/Float/Manifold solvers)
edge_split	Edge Split modifier; GN Split Edges	exact	modifier yes (`BM_mesh_edgesplit`)
wireframe	Wireframe modifier	exact	yes (`BM_mesh_wireframe`)
solidify	Solidify modifier	exact result	no
vertices_smooth / _laplacian	Smooth / Laplacian Smooth modifier	exact intent	no
screw (spin ≈)	Screw modifier	exact / approx	no
voxel_remesh	Remesh modifier (Voxel); Mesh to Volume → Volume to Mesh	exact	modifier yes (`BKE_mesh_remesh_voxel`)
delete; duplicate; convex_hull; flip_normals; shade smooth/flat; sort_elements; primitives (except monkey)	Delete Geometry; Duplicate Elements; Convex Hull; Flip Faces; Set Shade Smooth; Sort Elements; Mesh Primitive nodes	exact	no
mark_seam / crease / bevel_weight / attribute_set	Store Named Attribute (`uv_seam`, `crease_edge`, `bevel_weight_edge`, …)	exact	n/a: plain attributes on `Mesh`
set_sharpness_by_angle, shade_auto_smooth, shade_smooth_by_angle	“Smooth by Angle” essentials node group	exact	`shade_auto_smooth` simply adds it
join	Join Geometry (+ Object Info)	exact	no
symmetrize, bisect, merge, separate, inset, extrude_repeat, transform.*, normals ops, sculpt filters/trims/face sets	Mirror / Boolean / Merge by Distance / Separate Geometry / Extrude + Scale Elements / Repeat zone / Set Position / Set Mesh Normal / Normal Edit / Weighted Normal / node tools	approx	—
No twin (59)	dissolve verts/edges/faces/mode/degenerate, fill, fill_grid, fill_holes, bridge_edge_loops, edge_face_add, knife ×2, loopcut (+slide), offset_edge_loops (+slide), rip ×4, polybuild ×9, vert_connect ×4, edge_rotate, edge_collapse, poke, tris_convert_to_quads, beautify_fill, face_split_by_edges, flip_quad_tessellation, subdivide_edgering, space_edge_loops_evenly, symmetry_snap, normals_make_consistent, split, delete_edgeloop, dupli_extrude_cursor, primitive_monkey, shape-key ops ×4, quadriflow_remesh, sculpt brush_stroke / cloth / color filter, edge_slide, vert_slide	—	—

4. End-to-end path: `MESH_OT_bevel` (Ctrl+B in Edit Mode)

#	Hop	Where
1	Keymap. `("mesh.bevel", {"type": 'B', "ctrl": True})` in the Edit Mesh keymap	`scripts/presets/keyconfig/keymap_data/blender_default.py:5551` (inside `km_edit_mesh` `:5525`)
2	Event → operator. The keymap handler calls `wm_operator_invoke`; it polls (`WM_operator_poll`), then `op->type->invoke`	`windowmanager/intern/wm_event_system.cc:1643`, invoke call `:1703` (falls back to `exec` when there is no invoke, `:1715`)
3	Poll. `ED_operator_editmesh`: edit object is a mesh with a `BMEditMesh`	`editors/screen/screen_ops.cc:663`
4	Invoke. `edbm_bevel_init(is_modal=true)` snapshots each mesh (`EDBM_redo_state_store`, `editmesh_bevel.cc:316`), installs a region draw callback for the mouse line (`:318`), measures the mouse distance to the projected selection centre (`calculateTransformCenter`, `ED_view3d_pixel_size(rv3d…)`), runs a first `edbm_bevel_calc`, then `WM_event_add_modal_handler` (`:567`)	`editors/mesh/editmesh_bevel.cc:529`
5	Modal. The handler dispatches `ot->modal`. On every `MOUSEMOVE` it sets `offset` from the pixel distance, restores the snapshot (`EDBM_redo_state_restore` `:358`) and re-runs the whole BMesh op (`edbm_bevel_calc` `:743`). Confirm leads to `edbm_bevel_exit` → `OPERATOR_FINISHED`	dispatch `wm_event_system.cc:2690`; `edbm_bevel_modal` `editmesh_bevel.cc:716`
5′	Scripted path (no event). `bpy.ops.mesh.bevel(offset=…)` parses `EXEC_DEFAULT` with undo off by default (`python/intern/bpy_operator_function.cc:118`, `:161`) → `WM_operator_call_py` (`:327` → `wm_event_system.cc:2002`) → `wm_operator_call_internal` `:1812` → `wm_operator_exec` `:1374` → `edbm_bevel_exec` `editmesh_bevel.cc:489`: init with `is_modal=false`, then one `edbm_bevel_calc`. Invoke and modal are skipped entirely.	as cited
6	Operator → BMesh op. `EDBM_op_init(em, &bmop, op, "bevel geom=%hev offset=%f segments=%i …", BM_ELEM_SELECT, …)`: a printf-style call whose format string is parsed into typed slots	`editmesh_bevel.cc:363` → `EDBM_op_init` `editors/mesh/editmesh_utils.cc:102` → `BMO_op_vinitf` `bmesh/intern/bmesh_operators.cc:1621`; slot schema `bmo_bevel_def` `bmesh/intern/bmesh_opdefines.cc:2413` (83 bmops are defined there)
7	Execute. `BMO_op_exec` ensures tool flags, pushes the op and calls `op->exec`	`bmesh_operators.cc:168`
8	Core. `bmo_bevel_exec` copies slots into parameters → `BM_mesh_bevel`	`bmesh/operators/bmo_bevel.cc:21` → `:65` → `bmesh/tools/bmesh_bevel.cc:8239`
9	Selection and finish. Select `faces.out`; optional auto-merge (`EDBM_automerge_connected`); `EDBM_op_finish` reports BMO errors	`editmesh_bevel.cc:393-418`; `editmesh_utils.cc:120`
10	Tag. `EDBM_update`: `DEG_id_tag_update(&mesh->id, ID_RECALC_GEOMETRY)` + `WM_main_add_notifier(NC_GEOM\|ND_DATA)` + loop-tris / normals recalculation on the BMesh	`editmesh_bevel.cc:427` → `editmesh_utils.cc:1799` (tag `:1803`)
11	Undo + register. `wm_operator_finished` → `ED_undo_push_op` (only if `op_undo_depth == 0`, which is false for Python calls, `wm_event_system.cc:2013`). The mesh undo step encodes a full BMesh→Mesh copy	`wm_event_system.cc:1282`, push `:1308`; `editors/mesh/editmesh_undo.cc:1173` → `undomesh_from_editmesh` `:931` → `BM_mesh_bm_to_me` `:985`
12	Depsgraph. The event loop evaluates tagged data: `wm_event_do_depsgraph` → `BKE_scene_graph_update_tagged` → object data node `BKE_object_eval_uber_data` → `BKE_object_handle_data_update` → `bke::mesh_data_update` → edit-mesh branch `editbmesh_build_data` → `editbmesh_calc_modifiers`. The cage is `BKE_mesh_wrapper_from_editmesh`: the evaluated mesh wraps the BMesh and does not convert it	`wm_event_system.cc:488` → `blenkernel/intern/scene.cc:2827` → `depsgraph/intern/builder/deg_builder_nodes.cc:1758` → `blenkernel/intern/object_update.cc:375` → `:179` (call `:204`) → `blenkernel/intern/mesh_data_update.cc:1138` (branch `:1164`) → `:1014` → `:739`; wrapper `:1064`
13	Draw. The notifier and redraw let the human eyeball the result (the GPU path is not traced here)	—
14	Flush on mode exit. `object.mode_set(mode='OBJECT')` → `mode_set_ex` → `OBJECT_OT_editmode_toggle` by name → `editmode_exit_ex` → `editmode_load_free_ex` → `EDBM_mesh_load_ex` → `BM_mesh_bm_to_me`, the point where `mesh.data` becomes true again (seam/sharp flags → `uv_seam`/`sharp_edge` attributes)	`object_modes.cc:186`, `:220` → `object_edit.cc:783` → `:635` (call `:662`) → `editmesh_utils.cc:353` → `bmesh/intern/bmesh_mesh_convert.cc:1669` (attrs `:1794`)

Contrast: node tool path (no BMesh op): run_node_group_exec loads BMesh → Mesh (node_group_operator.cc:547), runs execute_geometry_nodes_on_geometry on the SoA Mesh (:992), then rebuilds BMesh from the result (EDBM_mesh_make_from_mesh :667). The declarative route goes through Mesh, and BMesh is only the editing cache.

5. Findings

[DF1] the human is the operator

Most operators do not need a window. They need a mode. 84% pass poll headless given the right mode/data. Mode alone gates 178 of 320 (56%). object.mode_set is itself an operator that dispatches another operator by name (object_modes.cc:220).
- Interpretation: “mode” is a human session concept (a BMesh editing session plus its UI). An agent pays for it as a hidden, stateful precondition rather than as a parameter.
Modal is mostly a veneer. 51 of 66 modal operators also have exec. In bevel, the modal loop just re-runs the full BMesh op from a snapshot on every mouse move (editmesh_bevel.cc:358, :743).
- Interpretation: the interactive tool is a pure function f(selection, params) plus a human-driven slider for params. The slider is the only part an agent does not need.
The irreducible human tools are few, and they are about placement. Of the 27 gui-event operators, 14 have no twin (knife, polybuild, rip, dupli_extrude_cursor). Their input is “where the cursor is”. Interpretation: these need re-specification as data (a cut path, a plane, edge indices), not a headless shim.
Scripted calls skip invoke and undo. bpy.ops defaults to EXEC_DEFAULT with is_undo=false (bpy_operator_function.cc:118). WM_operator_call_py bumps op_undo_depth, so wm_operator_finished pushes no undo step (wm_event_system.cc:2013, :1306). Interpretation: an agent driving operators gets no undo history by default. Undo is a GUI affordance.

[DF2] humans write the code

Polls describe where the button lives, not what the function needs.
- loop_select’s poll demands a RegionView3D, yet its exec is index-driven (editmesh_select.cc:2484).
- transform.* polls demand a window, yet exec handles area == nullptr (transform_generics.cc:240).
- loopcut’s exec is explicitly -b capable (editmesh_loopcut.cc:371).
- Conversely, sculpt.brush_stroke’s poll name says mode, but it needs area + region.
- The name heuristic was wrong or vague for 50% of operators.
- Interpretation: preconditions must be declared machine-readably. They cannot be inferred from names, and not reliably even from polls.
Hidden context inputs are everywhere.
- Almost every edit-mesh exec reads CTX_wm_view3d (nullable) to filter objects by local view for multi-object edit.
- Defaults come from UI state: bisect.plane_co is the 3D cursor (editmesh_bisect.cc:259); extrude_repeat’s offset is the view axis (editmesh_extrude.cc:274-276); bevel reads ToolSettings (custom profile, auto-merge).
- Interpretation: an operator is f(props, hidden view/cursor/tool state). An agent API should make every such input an explicit, logged parameter.
A typed RPC layer already hides inside BMesh. Operators call 83 BMesh ops through printf-style format strings ("bevel geom=%hev offset=%f …"), parsed at runtime into typed slots defined in bmesh_opdefines.cc. Interpretation: the bmop slot schema is close to a machine-readable command vocabulary. It is hand-written today, but could be generated and exposed.

[DF3] tiny imperative steps

68% of geometry-changing operators have a declarative twin: 55 exact + 70 approx out of 184. The exact twins often share the same core function: BM_mesh_bevel, BM_mesh_decimate_*, BM_mesh_wireframe, BM_mesh_triangulate, BM_mesh_edgesplit, BKE_mesh_remesh_voxel. Interpretation: imperative vs declarative is a split at the wrapper level, not the algorithm level. One core can serve both forms.
Blender 5.2 now has two bevels: BMesh BM_mesh_bevel (bmesh_bevel.cc, ~8.2k lines) and Mesh-native geometry::mesh_bevel (geometry/intern/mesh_bevel.cc, ~7.7k lines, used by GN Mesh Bevel). Node tools also round-trip edit-mode BMesh through Mesh. Interpretation: upstream is moving algorithms off BMesh onto SoA Mesh. That is evidence for putting an agent-native core on Mesh + geometry:: and treating BMesh as an editing cache.
The no-twin gap is “local topology surgery”: dissolve, fill, grid fill, bridge, F-fill, knife, loop cut, rip, connect, slide, poke, tris→quads (59 operators). Interpretation: a declarative-first engine would need nodes for exactly these, or would have to keep a typed imperative bmop layer for them.
Undo granularity is coarse. Each edit-mesh undo step stores a full BMesh→Mesh copy (editmesh_undo.cc:985). Fourteen sculpt operators have no UNDO flag and push their own sculpt undo. Interpretation: there is no per-step inverse at the operator level, even though the BMesh Euler layer could provide one.

[DF4] the viewport and the eye verify

Operators return no result, only a status. The last hop is DEG_id_tag_update + a redraw notifier (editmesh_utils.cc:1803-1804). EDBM_op_finish checks only that the BMO ran without error. The new geometry is only visible by drawing it or by re-reading the mesh. Interpretation: an agent needs a returned diff (elements created / deleted / changed) plus validity checks, instead of a status code.
In edit mode the Mesh datablock is stale until mode exit. Evaluation wraps the BMesh (mesh_data_update.cc:1064), and only EDBM_mesh_load_ex → BM_mesh_bm_to_me writes back. Interpretation: the “truth” is split across two representations, synced at a human mode switch. An agent loop wants a single source of truth or an explicit flush.
Where a region is truly required, it is for screen-space input (knife, knife_project, gestures, brush strokes with "mouse" points). Node tools show the decoupled pattern: mouse_position, region_size and cursor_* are plain RNA properties (node_group_operator.cc:970-973) that invoke fills from the event (:1035-1045). Interpretation: the general fix for gui-region operators is “invoke captures the view into properties; exec is pure”. Node tools already do this.

6. Verified vs inferred

Verified by reading code:
- all 70 poll bodies;
- the presence or absence of exec/modal for all 320 operators (incl. macros and Python);
- the full bevel path (§4);
- the headless-safe exec claims for bevel, loopcut, bisect, transform and quadriflow;
- the twin “same core” claims for bevel, decimate, wireframe, triangulate, edge split and voxel remesh;
- the Python no-undo default.
Inferred:
- exec-without-window for the other ~250 operators (from “no GUI poll + has exec”);
- inset (by symmetry with bevel);
- macro exec in -b (from wm_macro_exec, not run);
- temp_override viability for gui-region operators;
- most “approx” twins (I know the node exists; no result was compared);
- the “exact” result equivalence where implementations differ (solidify, smooth, GN extrude/subdivide/merge).
Not traced: the GPU draw path; the inner algorithms of BM_mesh_bevel and the GN nodes; per-transform-type recalcData.

7. Open questions

Does bpy.context.temp_override(area=…, region=…) in -b make the 23 gui-region operators work, given that RegionView3D matrices are never computed without a draw? This needs a runtime probe, one operator per poll family.
sculpt.brush_stroke exec: stored locations are used unless override_location is set (paint_stroke.cc:1646-1680), but every point still passes through test_start/update with its mouse_event pixel coordinate and a ViewContext. Can a stroke be replayed headless with synthetic mouse_event values and a temp_override region? This needs a runtime probe.
“Exact” twins with different implementations (Solidify, Smooth, GN Extrude/Subdivide vs BMesh) need a mesh-isomorphism test (see 04-why.md [DF4]), ideally added to ~/agent-native-lab/lab/blender/golden-table.md.
GN Mesh Bevel vs BM_mesh_bevel: is upstream planning to retire one? Check the 5.x commit history and design tasks.
Node tools are registered per asset and do not appear in the registry dump. Enumerate the essentials node tools in 5.2 to see whether any cover the 59 no-twin operators.
Confirm at runtime that bpy.ops in -b produces no undo steps, and that bpy.ops.x(…, True) (is_undo) does.
object.select_grouped is the only operator gated on G.background itself. Are there others outside the S01 set (grep G.background in polls)?